War Crimes and Genocide in Gaza: Memorial and Public Statement by Scholars
The terrible and inhumane attack initiated by Hamas has triggered a massive and disproportionate response by Israeli armed forces on the peoples of Gaza. As a result what has emerged is a situation where the Palestinian civilian peoples are being collectively punished. This article highlights the memorial to these deaths held at the University of Edinburgh along with some of the geopolitical and international law perspectives on the terrible and inhumane atrocities taking place.
The memorial in the University of Edinburgh
Introduction
Much of the media is not helpful by avoiding highlighting the legal decisions and the indictments made by high level, internationally respected organisations against the brutality and war crimes being perpetrated. As well as this, there is a worrying silence surrounding criticising the arms trade and the investment of pension funds (and other financial instruments) in the selling of arms. Of seventeen people I have asked who have a pension fund, only one of them has enquired about how it is invested in the last five years.
International Criminal Court: Prosecutor Seeks Arrest Warrants
The chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) Karim Khan, is seeking arrest warrants for senior officials from both Hamas and Israel for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity. The implications of Khan’s actions on international law and the geopolitical landscape are significant having ramifications for justice and accountability in future situations of conflict.
Report of the Panel of Experts in International Law
(original link: www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/240520-panel-report-eng.pdf)
Khan’s basis for warrants is rooted in the principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and the Rome Statute of the ICC, which stipulates that war crimes and crimes against humanity must be investigated and prosecuted. A major issue in this is that Israel as a country has not signed up as a member of the International Criminal Court which causes complications as it does not recognise the legitimacy of the court.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
(original link: www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf)
The issuance of arrest warrants could exacerbate diplomatic relations between Israel and its allies, notably the United States, which has historically supported Israel. The U.S. government’s quick condemnation of Khan’s actions and its prior threats of sanctions against ICC members underscore the political weight behind such legal actions.
In a similar legal action South Africa filed a case against Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), alleging its actions in the Gaza strip breached the United Nations’s genocide convention which was originally set up in 1948 in response to the horrors of the Holocaust.
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel) Press Release
Click here to download press release
(original link: www.icj-cij.org/case/192)
Karim Khan’s position emphasizes that accountability is a cornerstone of the ICC’s mandate. The principle of universal jurisdiction implies that certain crimes are so grave that they constitute an affront to international community values. Critics have argued that the actual application of justice often appears selective.
For instance, Khan’s focus on high-ranking political officials rather than military leaders marks a critique of Israel’s military conduct, but raises questions about the wider implications of targeting leaders for decisions made in the context of warfare.
This legal action has seen negative reactions from both Israeli officials and Hamas. Netanyahu has rejected the comparison of the Israeli Defence Force (IDF) to Hamas. Similarly, Hamas has criticised Khan’s actions as equating victims with executioners. The polar responses indicate the ongoing reluctance from both sides to accept shared responsibility for wartime conduct and involvement in harms to civilian populations.
The current geopolitical landscape complicates matters further, as countries may be unwilling to act upon ICC warrants, particularly in cases involving powerful Western-aligned states such as Israel. Khan’s remarks about the importance of applying international humanitarian law equally reveal an acknowledgment of the longstanding asymmetries in the application of justice in conflict zones.
The call for accountability is underscored by ongoing catastrophic humanitarian crises, notably in Gaza, where civilian suffering has been massive and profound. The outcome of these applications may have lasting implications not only for those directly involved but also for the future trajectory of international humanitarian law itself.
United Kingdom Involved In Arms Sales to Israel
The ongoing violence in Gaza represents a humanitarian disaster and an environmental crisis, exacerbated by British-made weapons potentially being used to commit war crimes. Various organisations, groups and individuals are calling for an arms embargo as a moral obligation based on humanitarian concerns including Amnesty International, Campaign Against the Arms Trade and Greenpeace.
Amnesty International highlights that over 250 humanitarian and human rights organisations are involved in a collective call to stop arms transfers to Israel and Palestinian armed groups. Humanitarian agencies, human rights groups, United Nations officials, and more than 153 member states have called for an immediate ceasefire. However, Israel continues to use highly sophisticated explosive weapons and munitions in densely populated areas with massive humanitarian consequences for the people of Gaza.
Organisations involved in collective call to stop supplying arms:
- 1. Federation Handicap International – Humanity & Inclusion
- 2. War Child Alliance
- 3. Christian Aid
- 4. Norwegian People’s Aid
- 5. Médecins du Monde International Network
- 6. Mennonite Central Committee
- 7. medico international
- 8. Oxfam
- 9. Center for Civilians in Conflict (CIVIC)
- 10. Danish Refugee Council
- 11. Save the Children
- 12. Plan International
- 13. Norwegian Refugee Council
- 14. Diakonia
- 15. Amnesty International
- 16. American Friends Service Committee (AFSC)
- 17. Welfare Association
- 18. War on Want
- 19. War Childhood Museum Foundation
- 20. Palestinian Farmers Union
- 21. WESPAC Foundation, Inc.
- 22. United Nations Association – UK
- 23. Bangladesh Nari Progati Sangha (BNPS)
- 24. Human Rights Sentinel
- 25. IM Swedish Development Partner
- 26. Firefly International
- 27. Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)
- 28. Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations (UOSSM) GE
- 29. Nonviolent Peaceforce
- 30. Peace Action
- 31. Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle East (CJPME)
- 32. Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
- 33. France Palestine Mental Health Network
- 34. Consortium of Ethiopian Human Rights Organizations
- 35. Syrian Network for Human Rights.
- 36. INGO ALG CONSULTANT GROUP
- 37. Arab Renaissance for Democracy and Development
- 38. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect
- 39. Middle East Democracy Center (MEDC)
- 40. The National Organization of Yemeni Reporters SADA
- 41. L’Union Juive Française pour la Paix (UJFP)
- 42. Development and Peace – Caritas Canada
- 43. EmpowerVan
- 44. Train of Hope Dortmund e.V.
- 45. Jewish Network for Palestine
- 46. مدافعات للحقوق والحريات والتنمية
- 47. PELDA
- 48. Ina autra senda – Swiss Friends of Combatants for Peace
- 49. Street Child UK
- 50. Polish Medical Mission
- 51. Peace SOS
- 52. Gender Advisory Team, Cyprus
- 53. Olof Palmes Internationella Center
- 54. Cordaid
- 55. Street Child España
- 56. Share The World’s Resources
- 57. Church and Peace – Ecumenical Peace Church Network in Europe
- 58. ForcesWatch
- 59. Vredesactie
- 60. Terre des Hommes Netherlands
- 61. Lawyers for Palestinian Human Rights
- 62. Global Ministries of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
- 63. Plateforme des ONG françaises pour la Palestine
- 64. PAX
- 65. EuroMed Rights
- 66. Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (CAFOD)
- 67. The Presbyterian Church in Canada
- 68. The United Church of Canada
- 69. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS)
- 70. CIUSSS Centre-Sud
- 71. Centre for Feminist Foreign Policy
- 72. The Business Plan for Peace
- 73. Secours Catholique – Caritas France
- 74. Danish Muslim Aid
- 75. Peace Direct
- 76. Belgian Academics and Artists for Palestine (BA4P)
- 77. Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions – UK
- 78. The Dallaire Institute for Children Peace and Security
- 79. Creatura Think & Do Tank
- 80. Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions – Germany
- 81. Legal Action Worldwide (LAW)
- 82. The Hague Peace Projects
- 83. Anglican Pacifist Fellowship
- 84. Nonviolence International
- 85. Primate’s World Relief and Development Fund
- 86. The United Church of Canada
- 87. Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion
- 88. The Anglican Church of Canada/L’Eglise anglican du Canada
- 89. MADRE
- 90. Ekō
- 91. ReThinking Foreign Policy
- 92. International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) Germany
- 93. Initiatives et Changement (IofC France)
- 94. WeWorld
- 95. pax christi – Deutsche Sektion e.V.
- 96. Internationale Liga für Menschenrechte
- 97. Centre for Peace Research and Advocacy -CPRA
- 98. Equal Legal Aid
- 99. Young Christian Students Movement South Africa
- 100. Laurentiuskonvent e.V.
- 101. Socialist Movement of Ghana
- 102. Swedish Fellowship of Reconciliation
- 103. Japan Fellowship of Reconciliation
- 104. Action Corps
- 105. EgyptWide for Human Rights
- 106. Pax Christi International
- 107. International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) – Greece
- 108. Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada
- 109. KAIROS Canadian Ecumenical Justice Initiatives
- 110. Committee of 100 in Finland
- 111. Khulumani Support Group
- 112. Amos Trust
- 113. Sanad Basra Organization for Human Rights
- 114. Association Pour Jérusalem (France)
- 115. Community of Christ
- 116. Avaaz
- 117. Christian Jewish Allies for a Just Peace in Israel/Palestine
- 118. Women Volunteers for Peace
- 119. Forum Computer Professionals for Peace and Societal Responsibility
- 120. Salam For Yemen
- 121. Vereinigung Demokratischer Juristinnen und Juristen e.V. (VDJ)
- 122. Association France Palestine Solidarite Paris-Sud
- 123. Culture de Palestine
- 124. Emmaus International
- 125. Kristna Fredsrörelsen / SweFOR
- 126. Christian Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
- 127. Medical Association for Prevention of War
- 128. HelpAge International
- 129. Quakers in Scotland (General Meeting for Scotland)
- 130. Forum Ziviler Friedensdienst e. V.
- 131. DAWN MENA
- 132. Japan International Volunteer Center (JVC)
- 133. NVMP-Artsen voor vrede
- 134. ActionAid France
- 135. Forum Computer Professionals for Peace and Societal Responsibility (FIfF) e.V.
- 136. Pax Christi Scotland
- 137. Shujaa-Initiative
- 138. Pax Christi Italia
- 139. Pax Christi – Perú
- 140. Center for Jewish Nonviolence
- 141. Peace Movement Aotearoa
- 142. Center for Peace Education, Miriam College
- 143. Pax Christi England and Wales
- 144. Pax Christi Aotearoa NZ
- 145. Pax Christi Miriam College
- 146. Welfare Association
- 147. Age International
- 148. Watchlist on Children and Armed Conflict
- 149. Arms Information Centre (RIB e.V.)
- 150. Caritas International Belgium
- 151. Medact
- 152. Maryknoll Office for Global Concerns
- 153. Feminist Humanitarian Network
- 154. Saferworld
- 155. Mwatana for Human Rights
- 156. The Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation
- 157. International Alert
- 158. CIVICUS
- 159. Internationaler Versöhnungsbund – Deutscher Zweig e.V.
- 160. Pax Christi USA
- 161. Caritas Internationalis
- 162. The United Methodist Church – General Board of Church and Society
- 163. Belgian Academics and Artists for Palestine (BA4P)
- 164. Humance Heal For Human Rights
- 165. International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
- 166. Min Haqi Foundation to Empower Women Politically and Economically
- 167. Yoga and Sport with Refugees
- 168. Caesar Families Association
- 169. KinderUSA
- 170. Ocalenie Foundation
- 171. Aura Freedom International
- 172. Finnish-Arab Friendship Society
- 173. Equal Legal Aid
- 174. Street Child Italy
- 175. Rebuilding Alliance
- 176. Bildungsprojekt Sachsen im Klimawandel
- 177. Diversity Matters North West Ltd
- 178. Un Ponte Per
- 179. Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL)
- 180. Terre des Hommes Italy
- 181. Middle East Children’s Alliance
- 182. Mercy Corps
- 183. Permanent Peace Movement
- 184. Seenaryo
- 185. Women for Peace and Democracy Nepal (WPD Nepal)
- 186. France Palestine Mental Health Network
- 187. Muslim Peace Fellowship
- 188. UCOS vzw (UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION)
- 189. Protection International (PI)
- 190. Women’s Right to Education Programme
- 191. Women in Humanitarian Response in Nigeria Initiative
- 192. IANSA Women Network Nigeria
- 193. Muslim Delegates and Allies Coalition
- 194. Mayworks Kjipuktuk/Halifax
- 195. Tamkeen for Legal Aid & Human Rights
- 196. Doctors Against Genocide
- 197. The Rights Forum
- 198. Women for Peace – Finland
- 199. Business Plan for Peace
- 200. Righting Relations Canada
- 201. Foyer du Monde
- 202. Bahrain Transparency
- 203. Rete Italiana Pace Disarmo
- 204. Nonviolence International
- 205. FundiPau
- 206. Control Arms
- 207. Climate Refugees
- 208. SOL Education Center
- 209. Centre for Peace Research and Advocacy – CPRA
- 210. Centro de Estudios Ecuménicos – México
- 211. Daraj Media
- 212. Colombian Campaign to Ban Landmines (CCBL)
- 213. Mujeres para el Dialogo
- 214. Pastoral Social, Iglesia Anglicana de México
- 215. Asociación de familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos y Víctimas de Violaciones a los Derechos Humanos en México AFADEM-FEDEFAM
- 216. Servicio Paz y Justicia (serpaj)-mexico
- 217. Global Thought
- 218. American Baptist Churches USA
- 219. Sojourners
- 220. Migrant Roots Media
- 221. Citizens for Just Policy
- 222. PEOPLES FEDERATION FOR NATIONAL PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT (PEFENAP)
- 223. Cameroon Youths and Students Forum for Peace (CAMYOSFOP)
- 224. Campaña Colombiana Contra Minas
- 225. Vision GRAM-International
- 226. The United Church of Christ
- 227. Caritas Middle East and North Africa
- 228. Comité pour une Paix Juste au Proche-Orient
- 229. BDS Berlin
- 230. SOMO (Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations)
- 231. Women in Black – Austria
- 232. Collective Aid
- 233. ReFOCUS Media Labs – Poland
- 234. Fund for Global Human Rights
- 235. Omega Research Foundation
- 236. Women for Weapons Trade Transparency
- 237. United Against Inhumanity (UAI)
- 238. Episcopal Peace Fellowship-Palestine Israel Network
- 239. Terre des Hommes International Federation
- 240. CCFD-Terre Solidaire
- 241. COCASEN – Coalición Nacional Contra el Abuso Sexual
- 242. CARE International
- 243. Fundación Ser de Paz AC
- 244. Forum o Disarmament and Development of Sri Lanka
- 245. FTSCD (Forum Togolais de la Société civile pour le Développement)
- 246. Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft
- 247. MPower Change Action Fund
- 248. Steirische Friedensplattform
- 249. Minnesota Peace Project
- 250. Académicos con Palestina contra el genocidio – Mexico
- 251. Fundación Arcoiris por el respeto a la diversidad sexual – Mexico
Information source – Amnesty International
World leaders have made repeated calls for the Israeli government to reduce civilian casualties but in spite of this Israeli military operations in Gaza have continued to kill people at “unprecedented levels”, according to remarks by António Guterres the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Guterres made a public statement stating the world is witness to seeing an “unparalleled and unprecedented” level of civilian death, compared to any other conflict since 2017 saying it was clear the current war in Gaza has seen thousands of child deaths – compared with hundreds, in conflicts in Yemen and Syria.
Information source – United Nations
palestine.un.org/en/253284-gaza-unprecedented-and-unparalleled-civilian-death-toll-guterres
To avoid being sidetracked into a discussion of the accuracy of figures released by the health ministry in Gaza (regarded by United Nations agencies as reliable) he said that “what is clear is that we have had in a few weeks thousands of children killed”. In 20 November 2023 the United Nations website published that reports indicated more than 13,000 civilians in total had died in the Gaza strip since the 7 October terror attacks by Hamas, and following Israeli offensive.
The current conflict has generated unacceptable civilian and environmental costs, and pivotal in this is the unethical British involvement in profiting from the arms trade which leads to such devastation. The UK government faces political pressures for a straightforward moral response through embargo along with a call to adhere to international law.
Information source – Campaign Against the Arms Trade
Greenpeace attributes significant responsibility to British arms exports for the humanitarian crisis in Gaza. It emphasizes the moral implications of weapon sales and cites the risk of their use in war crimes. Existing laws require the UK to halt exports to countries at risk of using these arms in war crimes. Greenpeace is pushing for the UK government to follow its own regulations.
Information source – Campaign Against the Arms Trade
Information source – United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner
www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/arms-exports-israel-must-stop-immediately-un-experts
An arms embargo could significantly impact the ongoing violence and uphold international law. The inclusion of environmental destruction as a concern in the Israel-Palestine conflict reflects an increasingly recognized intersection of environmental and humanitarian issues. Peace and environmental health are interconnected as the destruction of essential civilian infrastructure and the pollution of water, soil and air contribute significantly to death tolls and disease.
Demands for an arms embargo against Israel in the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict is grounded in a moral and humanitarian imperative. It raises critical issues about the intersection of crimes against humanity, arms trade, human rights, and environmental destruction.
As well as this it highlights issues about a pathological state of global press and journalism networks which are failing to shine light on the incidents being investigated as analyses of genocide, war crimes, the criminal court decisions that have been made, and the profiteering from war going on via stockmarkets and pension funds. Many media networks are producing narrow info-tainment rather than educational and edifying material which inform people.
Information source – Amnesty International
Information source – Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese
(original link: www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session55/advance-versions/a-hrc-55-73-auv.pdf)
Information source – United Nations News
The violence also seems to extend beyond targeting Hamas and Palestinian civilian populations to include reported attacks on United Nations peacekeepers and aid workers. The evidence to document such incidents mounts up through a range of modern technologies such as satelite imaging and front line reports from established agencies producing a damning and terrifying picture of what is happening.
Information source – European Parliament; Delegation for relations with the Mashreq countries The Chair
(original link: www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/290211/20241017_Press%20release_Lebanon_UNIFIL_rev.pdf)
Information source – Aid Worker Security Report 2024 Balancing advocacy and security in humanitarian action
Humanitarian Outcomes
(Original link: humanitarianoutcomes.org/sites/default/files/publications/awsr_2024.pdf)
Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza
On 15th October 2023 a large collection of scholars in a range of fields published a public statement on the potential genocide in Gaza. What follows is a verbatim reproduction of the text in full. You can download a copy of the statement by clicking HERE (Information source – Third World Approaches to International Law [TWAIL]; original link: twailr.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Gaza-public-statement-and-signatories.pdf):
As scholars and practitioners of international law, conflict studies and genocide studies, we are compelled to sound the alarm about the possibility of the crime of genocide being perpetrated by Israeli forces against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. We do not do so lightly, recognising the weight of this crime, but the gravity of the current situation demands it. The pre-existing conditions in the Gaza Strip had already prompted discussions of genocide prior to the current escalation – such as by the National Lawyers Guild in 2014, the Russell Tribunal on Palestine in 2014, and the Center for Constitutional Rights in 2016.
Information source – National Lawyers Guild
(original link: www.nlg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NLG-Gaza2.pdf)
Information source – The Russell Tribunal
(original link: www.russelltribunalonpalestine.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/TRP-Concl.-Gaza-EN.pdf)
Information source – The Center for Constitutional Rights
(original link: ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2016/10/Background%20on%20the%20term%20genocide%20in%20Israel%20Palestine%20Context.pdf)
Scholars have warned over the years that the siege of Gaza may amount to a “prelude to genocide” or a “slow-motion genocide”. The prevalence of racist and dehumanising language and hate speech in social media was also noted in a warning issued in July 2014 by the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide and Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect, in response to Israel’s conduct against the protected Palestinian population.
The Special Advisers noted that individual Israelis had disseminated messages that could be dehumanising to the Palestinians and that had called for the killing of members of this group, and reiterated that incitement to commit atrocity crimes is prohibited under international law.
Israel’s current military offensive on the Gaza Strip since 7 October 2023, however, is unprecedented in scale and severity, and consequently in its ramifications for the population of Gaza. Following the incursion by Palestinian armed groups on 7 October 2023, including criminal attacks against Israeli civilians, the Gaza Strip has been subjected to incessant and indiscriminate bombardment by Israeli forces.
Between 7 October and 9:00 a.m. on 15 October, there have been 2,329 Palestinians killed and 9,042 Palestinians injured in Israeli attacks on Gaza, including over 724 children, huge swathes of neighbourhoods and entire families across Gaza have been obliterated. Israel’s Defence Minister ordered a “complete siege” of the Gaza Strip prohibiting the supply of fuel, electricity, water and other essential necessities. This terminology itself indicates an intensification of an already illegal, potentially genocidal siege to an outright destructive assault.
Late on 12 October, the Israeli authorities issued an order for more than 1.1million Palestinians in Gaza City and the northern Gaza Strip to leave their homes and flee to the south of Gaza within 24 hours, knowing that this would be practically impossible for many. Palestinians who did start to evacuate south reported that civilians and ambulances were targeted and hit by Israeli airstrikes on the designated “safe route”, killing at least 70 Palestinians who were fleeing to seek refuge.
The ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) stated that “the evacuation orders, coupled with the complete siege” are incompatible with international humanitarian law. Almost half a million Palestinians have already been displaced, and Israeli forces have bombed the only possible exit route that Israel does not control, the Rafah crossing to Egypt multiple times. The World Health Organisation published a warning that “[f]orcing more than 2000 patients to relocate to southern Gaza, where health facilities are already running at maximum capacity and unable to absorb a dramatic rise in the number patients, could be tantamount to a death sentence”.
Information source – International Committee of the Red Cross
(original link: www.icrc.org/en/document/Israel-and-occupied-territories-evacuation-order-of-gaza-triggers-catastrophic-humanitarian-consequences)
Information source – World Health Organisation Twitter
(original link: x.com/WHO/status/1713277138437038573/photo/1)
There has also been an escalation of violence, arrests, expulsions, and destruction of whole Palestinian communities in the occupied West Bank and Jerusalem. Since 7 October, Israeli settlers, with the backing of the army and police, have attacked and shot Palestinian civilians at point blank range (as documented in the villages of a-Tuwani and Qusra), have invaded their homes and assaulted residents.
A number of Palestinian communities have already been forced to abandon their homes, after which settlers arrived and destroyed their property. Between 7 – 15 October, Al-Haq documented the killing by Israeli military and settlers of 55 Palestinians in the West Bank, and more the injury of 1,200 Palestinians there.
Statements of Israeli officials since 7 October 2023 suggest that beyond the killings and restriction of basic conditions for life perpetrated against Palestinians in Gaza, there are also indications that the ongoing and imminent Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip are being conducted with potentially genocidal intent. Language used by Israeli political and military figures appears to reproduce rhetoric and tropes associated with genocide and incitement to genocide. Dehumanising descriptions of Palestinians have been prevalent.
Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant declared on 9 October that “we are fighting human animals and we act accordingly”. He subsequently announced that Israel was moving to “a fullscale response” and that he had “removed every restriction” on Israeli forces, as well as stating: “Gaza won’t return to what it was before. We will eliminate everything.” On 10 October, the head of the Israeli army’s Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), Maj. Gen. Ghassan Alian, addressed a message directly to Gaza residents:
“Human animals must be treated as such. There will be no electricity and no water, there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell”. The same day, Israeli army spokesperson Daniel Hagari acknowledged the wanton and intentionally destructive nature of Israel’s bombing campaign in Gaza: “The emphasis is on damage and not on accuracy.”
Since 2007, Israel has defined the Gaza Strip as a whole as an “enemy entity”. On 7 October, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that Gazans would pay an “immense price” for the actions of Hamas fighters. He asserted that Israel will wage a prolonged offensive and will turn parts of Gaza’s densely populated urban centres “into rubble”. Israel’s President emphasised that the Israeli authorities view the entire Palestinian population of Gaza as responsible for the actions of militant groups, and subject accordingly to collective punishment and unrestricted use of force:
“It is an entire nation out there that is responsible. It is not true this rhetoric about civilians not being aware, not involved. It’s absolutely not true”. Israeli Minister of Energy and Infrastructure Israel Katz added: “All the civilian population in Gaza is ordered to leave immediately. We will win. They will not receive a drop of water or a single battery until they leave the world.”
Evidence of incitement to genocide has also been present in Israeli public discourse. This ranges from statements by elected officials – such as Knesset member Ariel Kallner’s call on 7 October for “one goal: Nakba! [catastrophe for Palestinians] A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of 1948” – to public banners displayed in Israeli cities calling for a “victory” signified by “zero population in Gaza” and the “annihilation of Gaza”. On national television, security correspondent Alon Ben David relayed the Israeli military’s plan to destroy Gaza City, Jabaliyya, Beit Lahiya, and Beit Hanun.
Such statements are not new and resonate with a wider Israeli discourse showcasing the intent for elimination and genocide against the Palestinian people. Earlier in the year, for example, Israeli Minister of Finance Bezalel Smotrich called Palestinians “repugnant”, “disgusting” and called for “wiping out” the entire Palestinian village of Huwwara in the West Bank.
Information source – Bulletin on action by the United Nations system and intergovernmental organizations relevant to the question of Palestine
(original link: www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/MBMARCH23FINAL_120423.pdf)
Information source – Human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the obligation to ensure accountability and justice Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
(original link: www.un.org/unispal/document/human-rights-situation-in-the-opt-including-east-jerusalem-and-the-obligation-to-ensure-accountability-and-justice-report-of-the-united-nations-high-commissioner-for-human-rights-a-hrc-52)
On 12 October 2023, a group of UN Special Rapporteurs’ condemned “Israel’s indiscriminate military attacks against the already exhausted Palestinian people of Gaza, comprising over 2.3 million people, nearly half of whom are children. They have lived under unlawful blockade for 16 years, and already gone through five major brutal wars, which remain unaccounted for”. The UN experts warned against “the withholding of essential supplies such as food, water, electricity and medicines. Such actions will precipitate a severe humanitarian crisis in Gaza, where its population is now at inescapable risk of starvation. Intentional starvation is a crime against humanity”.
On 14 October 2023, the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the occupied Palestinian territory warned against “a repeat of the 1948 Nakba, and the 1967 Naksa, yet on a larger scale” as Israel carries out “mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians under the fog of war”. The Palestinian people constitute a national group for the purposes of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (the Genocide Convention).
The Palestinians of the Gaza Strip constitute a substantial proportion of the Palestinian nation, and are being targeted by Israel because they are Palestinian. The Palestinian population of Gaza appears to be presently subjected by the Israeli forces and authorities to widespread killing, bodily and mental harm, and unviable conditions of life – against a backdrop of Israeli statements which evidence signs of intent to physically destroy the population.
Information source – Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(original link: www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf)
Article II of the Genocide Convention provides that “genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.”
All states are bound as a matter of law by the principle that genocide is a crime prohibited under international law. The International Court of Justice has affirmed that the prohibition of genocide is a peremptory norm of international law from which no derogation is allowed. The Convention provides that individuals who attempt genocide or who incite to genocide “shall be punished, whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals”.
Article I of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide provides that: “The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish”. The International Court of Justice has clarified that “a State’s obligation to prevent, and the corresponding duty to act, arise at the instant that the State learns of, or should normally have learned of, the existence of a serious risk that genocide will be committed.
From that moment onwards, if the State has available to it means likely to have a deterrent effect on those suspected of preparing genocide, or reasonably suspected of harbouring specific intent (dolus specialis), it is under a duty to make such use of these means as the circumstances permit”.
Palestinian human rights organisations, Jewish civil society groups, Holocaust and genocide studies scholars and others have by now warned of an imminent genocide against the Palestinian population in Gaza. We emphasise the existence of a serious risk of genocide being committed in the Gaza Strip.
The undersigned urgently appeal to states to take concrete and meaningful steps to individually and collectively prevent genocidal acts, in line with their legal duty to prevent the crime of genocide. They must protect the Palestinian population, and ensure that Israel refrains from any further incitement to genocide and from the perpetration of conduct prohibited by Article II of the Genocide Convention.
Information source – Urgent Action: Palestinian Human Rights Organisations Call on Third States to Urgently Intervene to Protect the Palestinian People Against Genocide
www.alhaq.org/advocacy/21898.html
Information source – Jewish Voice for Peace
act.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/a/arms-embargo-now
All states should immediately act under Article VIII, and should call upon the competent organs of the United Nations, particularly the UN General Assembly, to take urgent action under the Charter of the United Nations appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide. We note specifically the role of the General Assembly here, given that the Security Council is compromised by the United States and the United Kingdom (both permanent veto-holding members) sending military forces to the eastern Mediterranean in support of Israel.
We recall that in 1982, the General Assembly condemned the massacre of Palestinian civilians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps as “an act of genocide”. We note also that the state of Palestine is entitled to initiate, in accordance with Article IX of the Genocide Convention, proceedings before the International Court of Justice in order to prevent the perpetration of genocidal acts.
Finally, we call on all relevant UN bodies, including the Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, as well as the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to immediately intervene, to carry out the necessary investigations and invoke the necessary warning procedures to protect the Palestinian population from genocide.
Signatories:
1. Aanchal Saraf, Dartmouth College
2. Aaron Seymour, Lecturer, University of Technology Sydney
3. Aasiya Lodhi, Senior Lecturer, University of Westminster
4. Abdelghany Sayed, Assistant Lecturer, PhD Candidate, Kent Law School.
5. Abdullah Omran, PhD student, Indiana University
6. Abigail Balbale, New York University
7. Adalmir Marquetti, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS).
8. Adam Elliott-Cooper, Lecturer, School of Politics and International Relations, Queen Mary University of London
9. Adil Hasan Khan, Melbourne Law School
10. Adrian Carrillo Gomez, PhD student, Deusto University.
11. Afshin Matin-Asgari, Professor of Middle East history, California State University, Los Angeles
12. Ahmad Al-Dissi, Professor, University of Saskatchewan
13. Ahmad Fouad, Lecturer of Law, the British University in Egypt
14. Ahmad Khaled, PhD, Assistant Professor of Public Law, Birzeit University.
15. Ahmad Mustafa, Ph.D. student at the University of Kansas
16. Ahmed Abofoul, International Lawyer, Legal Researcher and Advocacy Officer at Al-Haq Organisation
17. Ahmed Selim, PhD Student, University of Chicago
18. Ahmet Ferhat Baran, PhD Student, University of Aberdeen.
19. Ajantha Subramanian, Professor, City University of New York.
20. Alba Valenciano-Mañé, post-doctoral researcher, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
21. Albert Caramés, Adjunct Professor, Blanquerna – Ramon Llull University
22. Alessandra Mezzadri SOAS Reader in Global Development and Political Economy
23. Alessandro Donadio Miebach, Adjunct Professor, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.
24. Alexander D. Barder, Professor of International Relations, Florida International University
25. Alexandre Abreu, Assistant Professor, ISEG-Lisbon School of Economics and Management.
26. Alfredo Alietti, Professor, University of Ferrara Italy
27. Ali Cebeci, PhD, Georgetown University
28. Ali Raza, Associate Professor, Lahore University of Management Sciences
29. Alice Panepinto, Reader, School of Law, Queen’s University Belfast
30. Alicia Campos Serrano, Profesora Titular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
31. Alison Phipps, UNESCO, Chair University of Glasgow
32. Alma Khasawnih, The College of New Jersey
33. Alyosxa Tudor, Reader in Gender Studies, SOAS University of London.
34. Alyssa Kristeller, Graduate Student Georgetown University.
35. Aman, Associate Professor of Legal Practice, Jindal Global University
36. Amber De Clerck, PhD Student & Teaching Assistant, Ghent University, Belgium
37. Amber Lakhani, PhD Candidate & GTA, SOAS University of London.
38. Amina Adanan, Lecturer in Law, Maynooth University
39. Amira Abdelhamid, Lecturer in International Relations, University of Portsmouth
40. Amy Strecker, Associate Professor of Law, University College Dublin
41. Anamika Misra, Associate Lecturer, University of Bristol
42. Anand Sheombar, researcher & lecturer, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht
43. Anand Vaidya, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Reed College
44. Ananya Chakravarti, Associate Professor of History, Georgetown University
45. Anas Karzai, Laurentian University, Canada
46. Anastasiya Kotova, Doctoral candidate, Lund University
47. Anchita Dasgupta, Oxford Law Faculty
48. Andrea Cornwall, Professor of Global Development and Anthropology, King’s College London.
49. Andrea Gadberry, Associate Professor, NYU
50. Andrea Maria Pelliconi, Teaching Associate, University of Nottingham
51. Andrea Mura, Senior Lecturer, Goldsmiths, University of London
52. Andrea Teti, Associate Professor of Political Science, Univeristy of Salerno, Italy
53. Andrew Bush, Assistant Professor, Bard College
54. Andrew Woolford, PhD, Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Manitoba
55. Angana Chatterji, University of California, Berkeley.
56. Angela Daly, Professor of Law & Technology, University of Dundee.
57. Angela Smith, Sessional Academic, University of New South Wales
58. Angela Zito, Anthropology/Religious Studies, NYU
59. Anita H. Fábos, Professor, International Development, Community & Environment Department, Clark University
60. Anita Rupprecht, University of Brighton
61. Anjali Arondekar, Professor, Feminist Studies, UCSC
62. Anna Bigelow, Stanford University.
63. Anna Ferguson, Georgetown University
64. Anna Rosellini, University of Bologna
65. Anna-Claire Steffen, PhD Candidate, UMass Amherst
66. Annaclaudia Martini, Assistant Professor at University of Bologna, Italy
67. Annapurna Menon, Teaching Associate, University of Sheffield
68. Anne Berg, Assistant Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania.
69. Anne Hunnell Chen, Assistant Professor of Art History and visual culture, Bard College
70. Anne Norton, Professor, University of Pennsylvania
71. Anne-Claire Defossez, Researcher, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
72. Anneke Newman, Senior Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Ghent
73. Anooradha Iyer Siddiqi, Barnard College, Columbia University
74. Anthony Alessandrini, Professor, City University of New York
75. Anthony Gorman, Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh.
76. Anton Shammas, Prof. Emeritus of Middle East Literatures, University of Michigan
77. Antonio Scialà, Università Roma Tre, Italy
78. Antonio Y. Vazquez-Arroyo, Associate Professor, Rutgers University-Newark.
79. Aoife Daly, Professor of Law, School of Law, University College Cork
80. Arathi Sriprakash, University of Oxford
81. Ardi Imseis, Professor of International Law, Queen’s University
82. Arun Kundnani, independent scholar and writer
83. Arzu Somalı, PhD student, University of Istanbul.
84. Aseil Abu-Baker, Legal Consultant.
85. Ashok Kumar, Senior Lecturer of Political Economy, Birkbeck University.
86. Aslı Bâli, Professor of Law, Yale University
87. Astrid Mrkich, refugee lawyer, Toronto, Canada
88. Ata Hindi, Birzeit University.
89. Atiya Habeeb Kidwai, retired Professor, Jawharlal Nehru University, India
90. Avital Ronell, University Professor of the Humanities, NYU
91. Ayça Çubukçu, Associate Professor in Human Rights, LSE
92. Ayesha Khalid Chaudhry, Doctoral candidate at Deakin University Australia
93. Ayesha Umaña Dajud, JSD student, Cornell University
94. Ayushman Bhagat, Lecturer, Brunel University London
95. Azam Khatam, Instructor, York University
96. Azeezah Kanji, legal academic and journalist
97. Badreddine Rachidi, Graduate Student & Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University.
98. Baki Tezcan, Professor of History, University of California, Davis
99. Banah Ghadbian, Assistant Professor Of Comparative Women’s Studies, Spelman College
100. Barbara Aiolfi, research fellow University of Milan – BICOCCA
101. Barbara De Poli, Associate Professor, Ca’ Foscari University Venice
102. Barry Trachtenberg, Rubin Presidential Chair of Jewish History, Wake Forest University, North Carolina.
103. Basheer Ahmad, Retired professor, JNU, New Delhi
104. Bashir Saade, Lecturer in Politics and Religion, University of Stirling
105. Bayan Abusneineh, Assistant Professor, Ohio State University
106. Ben Golder, Professor, UNSW
107. Ben Whitham, Lecturer in International Relations, SOAS University of London
108. Ben Wiedel-Kaufmann, Lecturer, The Open University.
109. Benjamin Selwyn, Professor of International Relations and Development, University of Sussex.
110. Benjamin Thorne, Lecturer in Law, University of Kent
111. Berklee Baum, DPhil, University of Oxford
112. Besan Jaber, Georgetown University
113. Bielasan Tareq Zaina, PhD Student, Georgetown University
114. Bikrum Gill, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Virginia Tech
115. Bilal Maanaki, University of Virginia
116. Bilge Yesil, City University of New York
117. Bircan Ciytak, Research Fellow, University of Birmingham
118. Birgul Kutan, University of Sussex
119. Bishnupriya Ghosh, Professor, UC Santa Barbara
120. Blanca Camps-Febrer, Adjunct Lecturer, Autonomous University of Barcelona
121. Brannon Ingram, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, North-western University
122. Brendan Ciaran Browne, Assistant Professor, School of Religion, Theology and Peace Studies, Trinity College Dublin
123. Brenna Bhandar, Associate Professor, Allard Law Faculty
124. Brian McMahon, Lecturer in Sociology and Mindfulness-Based Wellbeing, Munster Technological University
125. Bridget Guarasci, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Franklin & Marshall College
126. Bruce Robbins, Columbia University
127. Bruna A. Gonçalves, PhD Researcher, European University Institute
128. Cahal McLaughlin, Professor, School of Arts, English and Languages Queen’s University Belfast
129. Camila Vergara, Senior Lecturer, University of Essex
130. Camilo Pérez-Bustillo, Executive Director, National Lawyers’ Guild – San Francisco Bay Area chapter
131. Carla Winston, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Melbourne
132. Carles Fernández-Torné, Adjunct Professor in transitional justice and conflict analysis, Ramon Llull University
133. Carlo Caprioglio, Legal Clinic on Migration and Asylum, Università Roma Tre
134. Carlo Leget, Professor of Care Ethics, University of Humanistic Studies.
135. Carlos Bichet, Assistant Professor, Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas , Universidad de Panama
136. Catherine Charrett, Senior Lecturer, International Relations, University of Westminster.
137. Catherine Larocque, PhD candidate, University of Ottawa
138. Cemil Aydin, Professor of International History, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
139. Ceyda Turan, Lawyer at Turan Law Office
140. Chaman Lal Retd Professor JNU
141. Charles des Portes, Teaching Fellow in Political Theory, University of Leeds
142. Chenjerai Kumanyika, Assistant Professor, NYU Journalism
143. Chi-Chi Shi, PhD Researcher, Durham University
144. Chiara De Cesari, Professor of Heritage, Memory and Cultural Studies, University of Amsterdam.
145. Chiara Pagano, Post-doc, University of Graz
146. Chris Barker, Assistant Professor, The American University in Cairo
147. Chris Dole, Professor of Anthropology, Amherst College
148. Chris Gilbert, Professor of Political Studies, Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela
149. Christina Murray, Graduate Student, MAAS, Georgetown.
150. Christine Hong, Professor, UC Santa Cruz
151. Christo El Morr, Professor, York University, Canada
152. Christopher Gevers, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal
153. Christopher Parker, Associate Professor, Ghent University
154. Christopher Roberts, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Chinese University of Hong Kong
155. Cigdem Cidam, Professor of Political Science, Union College Schenectady NY
156. Cira Pascual Marquina, Professor of Political Studies, Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela
157. Claire Begbie, PhD student at Concordia University, Montreal.
158. Claire Gallien, Professor, University Montpellier 3
159. Clara Han, Professor of Anthropology, Johns Hopkins University
160. Claudia Dides, Universidad de Santiago.
161. Claudia Saba, Adjunct Lecturer, Ramon Llull University
162. Clement Sichimwa, Lecturer and Researcher at University of Zambia
163. Clíodhna Murphy, Associate Professor of Law, Maynooth University
164. Clod Marlan Krister Yambao, Asst. Professor University of the Philippines Dept. of Art Studies and Doctoral Research Fellow, Conflict Research Group, Ghent Univesity
165. Colin Breen, Reader, Ulster University
166. Colleen Bell, Associate Professor, University of Saskatchewan
167. Cristiana Fiamingo, assistant prof. University of Milan
168. Cristina Bacchilega, Professor Emerita, University of Hawaii-Manoa
169. Curtis F.J. Doebbler, Research Professor of Law, Department of Law, University of Makeni
170. Cynthia Franklin, Professor, University of Hawai’i
171. Cyra Akila Choudhury, Professor of Law, FIU College of Law
172. Dalia Said Mostafa, Associate Professor, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar
173. Damien Short, Professor of Human Rights and Environmental Justice; Co-Director, Human Rights Consortium, School of Advanced Study, University of London
174. Daniel Brown, PhD, LSE Sociology Department
175. Daniel R. Quiroga-Villamarín, PhD Candidate, Geneva Graduate Institute
176. Daniel Segal, Jean M Pitzer Professor Emeritus, Pitzer College
177. Daniel Stein, Assistant Professor, O.P. Jindal Global Law School
178. Daniela Meneghini ca’ Foscari università of Venice
179. Daniela Pioppi University of Naples L’Orientale
180. Daniele Conversi, Research Professor at the Ikerbasque Foundation for Science and the University of the Basque Country (EHU/UPV), Bilbao, Euskadi
181. Danielle Fernandes, Doctoral researcher, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
182. Dara Leyden, PhD candidate, Queen Mary University of London
183. Daragh Murray, Senior Lecturer, School of Law, Queen Mary University of London.
184. Darryl Li, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Associate Member of the Law School, University of Chicago.
185. David Keane, Assistant Professor of Law, Dublin City University
186. David Landy, Director of MPhil in Race Ethnicity and Conflict, Trinity College Dublin
187. David Leadbeater, Adjunct Professor, Laurentian University, Canada
188. David Palumbo-Liu, Louise Hewlett Nixon Professor, Stanford University.
189. David Theo Goldberg, Professor, University of California, Irvine
190. David van Leeuwen, professor, Radboud University Nijmegen
191. David Whyte, Professor of Climate Justice, Queen Mary University of London
192. Dearbhla Minogue, Senior Lawyer at Global Legal Action Network
193. Deborah B. Gould, Professor of Sociology, University of California, Santa Cruz
194. Deborah Lawson, PhD Candidate, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool.
195. Deen Sharp, Visiting Fellow, LSE
196. Diana Allan, McGill University
197. Diana Jeater, Professor of African History, University of Liverpool
198. Diane Lamoureux, professeure émérite, Université Laval.
199. Didier Fassin, Professor, Collège de France
200. Dimitri Van Den Meerssche, Lecturer, Queen Mary University of London.
201. Dina Al-Kassim, Professor, University of British Columbia
202. Dina M. Siddiqi, Global Liberal Studies, New York University
203. Dina Matar, Professor Political Communication, SOAS
204. Dino Pancani C, Facultad de Comunicacion e Imagen, Universidad de Chile
205. Dipti Khera, Associate Professor, New York University
206. Dolly Kikon, University of Melbourne
207. Donia Khraishi, Georgetown University
208. Douaa Sheet, Assistant Professor, American University
209. Douglas Carson, University College Dublin
210. Edemilson Paraná, Associate Professor of Social Sciences, LUT University, Finland
211. Eduardo Villavicencio, PhD Student, Kent Law School.
212. Edward Brennan, Lecturer, Technological University, Dublin
213. Edwin Bikundo, Senior Lecturer, Griffith Law School
214. Eftychia Mylona, Lecturer, Leiden University
215. Egidio de Bustamante, Senior Lecturer, Unit for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Innsbruck.
216. Ekin Kurtic, Postdoctoral Fellow, Northwestern University
217. Elena Vezzadini, Research affiliate, Institute for African Worlds
218. Elif Babül, Associate Professor, Mount Holyoke College
219. Elif Durmuş, Postdoctoral Researcher in International Law and Human Rights, University of Antwerp
220. Elisa Giunchi, Professor, Università degli studi di Milano
221. Elisabeth Weber, Professor of German and Comparative Literature, University of California, Santa Barbara
222. Elizabeth Shakman Hurd, Professor of Politics and Religious Studies, Northwestern University.
223. Elora Halim Chowdhury, Professor, UMass Boston
224. Elora Shehabuddin, Professor, UC Berkeley
225. Elyse Crystall, Teaching Professor, UNC Chapel Hill
226. Emilio Dabed, adjunct professor of law, York University, Toronto
227. Emily J. Sumner, Ph.D. candidate, University of Minnesota
228. Emily Watkins, Graduate Teaching Assistant/Instructor, University of Kansas
229. Emma Palmer, Senior Lecturer, Griffith University
230. Enrica Rigo, Associate professor of law, University of Roma Tre
231. Eren Duzgun, Assistant Professor of International Relations, University of Cyprus
232. Eric Hooglund, Editor, Middle East Critique
233. Eskandar Sadeghi, Associate Professor, University of York
234. Estella Carpi, Assistant Professor in Humanitarian Studies, University College London
235. Ettore Asoni, University of Bologna
236. Eva Nanopoulos, Senior Lecturer, Queen Mary University of London
237. Fabia Fernandes Carvalho, Assistant Professor, Universidade Federal de São Paulo
238. Fabio Lanza, Professor, University of Arizona
239. Fabio Marcelli, Senior Researcher of the Institute for International legal studies.
240. Fadi Ennab, Vanier Scholar/PhD Student, University of Manitoba
241. Farah Mahmoud, Doctoral Candidate, Florida International University
242. Farida Khan, Professor, University of Colorado
243. Fatemeh Shams, Associate Professor of Persian Studies, University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A
244. Fathimah Fildzah Izzati, PhD Candidate, SOAS University of London
245. Fatima Sajjad, Associate professor, Director Center for Critical Peace Studies, University of Management and Technology Lahore
246. Fauzia Ahmad, Senior Lecturer, Goldsmiths
247. Féilim Ó hAdhmaill, Lecturer, University College Cork
248. Felícia Campos, PhD researcher in Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies, University of Edinburgh.
249. Felicite Fairer-Wessels, emeritus professor, University of Pretoria, South Africa
250. Fernando Quintana, PhD Student and GTA, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law
251. Ferran Izquierdo Brichs / Profesor Agregat / Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
252. Fida Adely, Assistant Professor, Georgetown University
253. Fien De Meyer, PhD, University of Antwerp.
254. Flagg Miller, Professor, University of California, Davis
255. Fleur van Leeuwen, Assistant professor in international law, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul
256. Frances Tanzer, Rose Professor of Holocaust Studies and Modern Jewish History and Culture, Assistant Professor of History, Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University
257. Francesca Biancani, Associate Professor, University of Bologna
258. Francesca Romana Ammaturo, Senior Lecturer, London Metropolitan University.
259. Francis Cody, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Toronto
260. Francisca James Hernandez, Instructional Faculty, Pima Community College
261. Fulya Pinar, Postdoctoral scholar, Middle East Studies, Brown University.
262. Gabriela Kuetting, Professor of Global Politics, Rutgers University-Newark
263. Gabriele vom Bruck, SOAS.
264. Gabriele Wadlig, Max Weber Fellow, Department of Law, European University Institute
265. Gareth Dale, Politics, Brunel University
266. Gargi Bhattacharyya, Professor, University of the Arts
267. Gary Fields, University of California San Diego
268. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Professor, Columbia University
269. Gearóid Ó Cuinn, Founding Director, Global Legal Action Network (GLAN)
270. Gene Carolan, Lecturer in Law, Technological University Dublin
271. Gennaro Gervasio, Associate Professor, Università Roma Tre
272. German Correa profesor Universidad de Santiago de Chile.
273. Germán Santana Pérez, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
274. Ghada Ageel, University of Alberta.
275. Ghadir Zannoun, Associate Professor, University of Kentucky
276. Gholam Khiabany, Goldsmiths, University of London
277. Gianfranco Ragona, professor at University of Turin
278. Gijs Verbossen, Senior lecturer in conflict studies, University of Amsterdam
279. Gillian Hart, Professor Emeritus, University of California Berkeley
280. Gillian Maris Jones, Ph.D. candidate, University of Pennsylvania
281. Giorgia Baldi, Lecturer, University of Sussex.
282. Giulia Contes, project manger and PhD student, UAntwerpen
283. Giulia Pinzauti, Assistant Professor of Public International Law, Leiden Law School
284. Giuseppe Aragno, Storico, Fondazione Humaniter, Napoli
285. Giuseppe Mastruzzo, Director, International University College of Turin
286. Gloria Novovic, Gender, Development and Globalisation Fellow, London School of Economics.
287. Goldie Osuri, University of Warwick, UK
288. Golnar Nikpour, Assistant Professor or History, Dartmouth College
289. Gordon Christie, Professor, Peter A Allard School of Law, University of British Columbia
290. Goretti Horgan, Senior Lecturer, Ulster University
291. Greg Albo, professor, Politics, York University
292. Greg Burris, Associate Professor, American University of Beirut.
293. Guido Donini, former Assistant Professor 0ffof Classics at the University of Chicago
294. Guillem Farrés Fernández, Professor Lector, UOC
295. Guillermo Gigliani, Professor, Universidad Nacional de Moreno, Argentina
296. Hadia Mubarak, Assistant Professor of Religion, Queens University of Charlotte.
297. Haim Bresheeth-Žabner, Professorial Research Associate, SOAS University of London
298. Hakeem Yusuf, Professor of Global Law, University of Derby
299. Hamed Al-Mogarry, Sana’a University.
300. Hanan Elsayed, Occidental College
301. Hanan Kashou, Associate Teaching Professor, Rutger University.
302. Hanan Toukan, Associate Professor, Bard College Berlin
303. Hannah Birkenkoetter, Assistant Professor, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México
304. Hannah Boast, Chancellor’s Fellow, University of Edinburgh
305. Hannah NS Bahrin, PhD student, Queen Mary University
306. Hannelore Van Bavel, postdoctoral researcher, Vrije Universiteit Brussel & University of Bristol
307. Harold Marcuse, Professor of History, University of California, Santa Barbara
308. Hasan Basri Bülbül, Assistant Professor of International Law, Boğaziçi University, Turkey.
309. Hasan Shuaib, PhD Graduate, Rutgers University
310. Hassan Jabareen, General Director, Adalah Legal Center.
311. Hatice Ozturk, PhD student, Georgetown University
312. Hayley Gibson, University of Kent.
313. Hazem Jamjoum, Curator, British Library.
314. Helena Sheehan, Emeritus Professor, Dublin City University
315. Helga Tawil-Souri, Associate Professor, New York University
316. Helmi Mohammed Abdo, Sana’a Community College.
317. Helyeh Doutaghi, Research Scholar, Yale University.
318. Hesham Sallam, Stanford University
319. Hilla Dayan, Lecturer, Amsterdam University College.
320. Hossein Kamaly, Professor of Interfaith Studies, Hartford international University for Religion and Peace
321. Howard Pflanzer, Adj. Associate Professor, Hunter College
322. Howard Winant, University of California, Santa Barbara
323. Howie Rechavia-Taylor, Fellow, LSE
324. Hulya Dagdeviren, Professor of Economic Development, University of Hertfordshire.
325. Humeira Iqtidar, King’s College London
326. Humoud Y. Alfadhli, Assistant Professor of International Law, Kuwait University
327. Huseyin Disli & Kent Law School/Worldwide Lawyers Association Research and Programmes Executive.
328. Idil Abdillahi Assistant Professor, TMU.
329. Ignasi Bernat, Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Sociology, University of Barcelona
330. Inessa Hadjivayanis, PhD candidate, SOAS.
331. Inge van Nistelrooij, associate professor, University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht.
332. Intan Suwandi, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Illinois State University.
333. Iqra Anugrah, Research Fellow, International Institute for Asian Studies, Leiden University.
334. Ira Bhaskar, Retd. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
335. Irene Van Staveren, professor of economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
336. Irina Ceric, Assistant Professor, University of Windsor Faculty of Law
337. Isabel Huacuja Alonso, Assistant Professor, Columbia University
338. Isabel Käser, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Bern
339. Isabella Camera d’Afflitto – Honorary Professor, Sapienza università di Roma
340. Isabelle Mildonian, Graduate, Roanoke College.
341. Işıl Aral, Assistant professor of international law, Koç University
342. Isobel Roele, Reader in Law, Queen Mary University of London
343. Issa Shivji, Professor Emeritus, University of Dar es Salaam
344. Itziar Ruiz Giménez, Profesora de RRII y Coordinadora del Grupo de Estudios Africanos e Internacionales, UAM
345. J. Travis Shutz, Assistant Professor, California State University Los Angeles
346. Jack Halberstam, Columbia University
347. Jack McGinn, PhD candidate, LSE
348. Jairo I. Fúnez-Flores, Texas Tech University
349. Jalal Kawash, Academic, University of Calgary
350. Jamal Ali, Assistant Teaching Professor, Rutgers University
351. James Eastwood, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, Queen Mary University of London
352. Jan Selby, Professor of International Politics, University of Leeds
353. Jaskiran Dhillon, Associate Professor, The New School
354. Jasmin Johurun Nessa, University of Liverpool.
355. Jasmine Barzani, PhD candidate Melbourne University
356. Jason Beckett, Associate Professor, American University in Cairo
357. Javier González-Arellano, Profesor asociado de filosofía del Derecho Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
358. Jay Ramasubramanyam, Assistant Professor, Department of Social Science, York University
359. Jean Beaman, Associate Professor, Sociology, University of California-Santa Barbara
360. Jeannette Graulau, Associate Professor, CUNY
361. Jeff Handmaker, Associate Professor, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
362. Jeffrey Sacks, Associate Professor, University of California, Riverside
363. Jeffrey Stevenson Murer, Senior Lecturer on Collective Violence, University of St Andrews
364. Jehan Mohamed, Lecturer, Rutgers State University.
365. Jenny Phillimore, Professor, University of Birmingham
366. Jeremy Dell, Lecturer, University of Edinburgh
367. Jessie Daniels, PhD, Professor, CUNY
368. Jillian Rogin, Associate Professor (Law), University of Windsor.
369. Jinan Bastaki, Associate Professor of Legal Studies, NYUAD.
370. Jo Bluen, London School of Economics, PhD candidate
371. Jo-Marie Burt, Associate Professor, George Mason University
372. Joel Gordon, Professor of History, University of Arkansas
373. Johanna Ray Vollhardt, Associate Professor, Clark University
374. John Bellamy Foster, Profesor Emeritus, University of Oregon.
375. John Cox, Director, Center for Holocaust, Genocide & Human Rights Studies, University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
376. John L. Esposito, Distinguished University Professor, Georgetown University
377. John Reynolds, Associate Professor of International Law, Maynooth University
378. Jolanda Guardi, Professor, University of Turin
379. Jonathan Wheeler, Assistant professor and researcher, National University of TucumánCONICET.
380. Jordan Cortesi, PhD student, University of Kansas.
381. Jordana Silverstein, Senior Research Fellow, University of Melbourne
382. Jose Itzigsohn, Professor of Sociology, Brown University
383. Joseph Elsayyid, Yale University
384. Juan M. Amaya-Castro, Universidad de los Andes
385. Julia Dehm, Senior Lecturer in Law, La Trobe University
386. Julian Go, Professor, University of Chicago
387. Juliane Hammer, Professor of Religious Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
388. Julie Carlson, Professor of English, UC Santa Barbara
389. Jyotirmaya Sharma, Professor, University of Hyderabad
390. Kaiya Aboagye, Senior Lecturer, University Western Sydney
391. Kalbir Shukra, former senior lecturer now independent researcher.
392. Kanad Bagchi, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Amsterdam
393. Kareem Rabie, Associate Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago
394. Karen Crawley, Senior Lecturer, Griffith Law School
395. Karin Arts, Professor of International Law and Development, International Institute of Social Studies
396. Karin White, ECCE Programme Chair, Atlantic Technological University
397. Karma Nabulsi, Professor, University of Oxford
398. Kasia Paprocki, Associate Professor, London School of Economics and Political Science
399. Katherine Gallagher, Center for Constitutional Rights
400. Katherine Natanel, Senior Lecturer in Gender Studies, University of Exeter
401. Kathleen Lynch, University College Dublin, UCD Professor of Equality Studies (Emerita)
402. Kathy Engel, Associate Arts Professor, NYU
403. Katy Kalemkerian, John Abbott College
404. Kaveh Ehsani, Associate Professor, DePaul University- Chicago
405. Ken Fero Assistant Professor Coventry University
406. Kenzie El Bakry, Graduate Social Sciences, University of Düsseldorf
407. Kevin A. Gould, Associate Professor of Geography, Concordia University
408. Kevin Skerrett, Adjunct Research Professor, Institute of Political Economy, Carleton University
409. Khaled Abou El Fadl, Professor, UCLA law School
410. Kiran Asher, Professor and Chair, Department of Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies, UMass Amherst
411. Kirsten Forkert, Professor of Cultural Studies, Birmingham City University.
412. Koen Leurs, Associate Professor, Utrecht University.
413. Kristina Richardson, Professor, University of Virginia.
414. Kurt Schock, Professor, Rutgers University, Newark
415. Laila Farah, Depaul University, Associate Professor
416. Laila Parsons, Professor, McGill University
417. Laila Shereen Sakr, Associate Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara
418. Laith Aqel, Clinical Lecturer in Law, Yale Law School.
419. Laleh Khalili, Professor, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter
420. Lana Sirri, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Amsterdam.
421. Lana Tatour, University of New South Wales
422. Lara Deeb, Professor of Anthropology, Scripps College
423. Lara Fricke, PhD candidate University of Exeter
424. Lara Khattab, Assistant Professor at Mount Allison University
425. Laura Betancur Restrepo, Associate Professor of International Law, Universidad de Los Andes
426. Laura De Vos, Assistant Professor American Studies, Radboud University
427. Laura Fair, Professor, Columbia University
428. Laura Feliu Martinez, Profesora titular, UAB
429. Laura Maghețiu, Doctoral Researcher, CLaSP, Queen Mary University of London
430. Laura McAtackney, Professor of Radical Humanities Laboratory and Archaeology, University College Cork (Ireland) and Professor of Heritage Studies, Aarhus University (Denmark)
431. Laura Rodriguez Castro, Southern Cross University
432. Laurie King, Teaching Professor, Department of Anthropology, Georgetown University
433. Layli Uddin, Lecturer, Queen Mary University of London
434. Leena Grover, Associate Professor of International Law, Tilburg University
435. Leila Ullrich, Associate Professor of Criminology, University of Oxford.
436. Lena Alhusseini, Phd Student, California Institute of Integral Studies
437. Leo Spitzer, Professor of History Emeritus, Dartmouth College
438. Leon Sealey-Huggins, Assistant Professor of Global Sustainable Development, University of Warwick
439. Leticia Rovira-Facultad de Humanidades y Artes- Universidad Nacional de Rosario – Argentina
440. Leyla Neyzi, Research Fellow, University of Glasgow
441. Lila Pine, Associate Professor, New Media, Toronto Metropolitan University
442. Liliana Suárez, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
443. Lillian Robb, PhD Candidate Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Geneva
444. Lisa Hajjar, Professor of Sociology, UC Santa Barbara
445. Livia Wick, Associate Professor, American University of Beirut.
446. Liyana Kayali, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Sydney
447. Lori Allen, Reader in Anthropology, SOAS University of London.
448. Lucia Sorbera, Senior Lecturer and Chair Arabic Language and Cultures, The University of Sydney
449. Lucia Sorbera, Senior Lecturer and Chair Arabic Language and Cultures, University of Sydney
450. Luigi Daniele, Senior Lecturer in Law, Nottingham Trent University
451. Luis Andueza, Lecturer in International Development, King’s College London
452. Luis Eslava, Professor of International Law, La Trobe University & University of Kent
453. M. Bahati Kuumba, Professor of Comparative Women’s Studies, Spelman College
454. M. Muhannad Ayyash, Professor of Sociology, Mount Royal University.
455. Macarena Aguiló, Académica Universidad de Chile
456. Madawi Al-Rasheed, Professor, LSE
457. Madeline G. Levine, Kenan Professor of Slavic Literatures Emerita, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
458. Madina Thiam, Assistant Professor of History, New York University
459. Maggie Ronayne, Lecturer in Archaeology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
460. Maghraoui Driss, Al Akhawayn University, Morocco.
461. Maha Abdallah, Graduate Teaching Assistant & PhD researcher, Faculty of Law, University of Antwerp.
462. Maha Nassar, Associate Professor, University of Arizona.
463. Maha Shuayb, University of Cambridge and Centre for Lebanese Studies.
464. Maher Hamoud, Associate Scholar, KU Leuven
465. Mahsheed Ansari, Senior Lecturer, Charles Sturt University
466. Mahvish Ahmad, Assistant Professor in Human Rights and Politics, LSE & Co-Director LSE Human Rights.
467. Mairaj Syed, Professor, Religious Studies and Middle East South Asia Studies, University of California, Davis
468. Maisha Prome, PhD Candidate, Yale University
469. Maja Janmyr, Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Oslo
470. Malek Abisaab, Associate Professor McGill University
471. Mandy Turner, professor of conflict, peace and humanitarian affairs, University of Manchester, UK.
472. Marcela Alvarez Pérez, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
473. Marcela Pizarro , Lecturer, Goldsmiths, University of London
474. Margaux L Kristjansson, Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow in Native American and Indigenous Studies, Bard College
475. Maria Bhatti, lecturer, School of Law, Western Sydney University
476. Maria Cristina Paciello, researcher, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice
477. Maria Federica Moscati, Reader in Law and Society, University of Sussex.
478. Maria Haro Sly, Ph.D. Candidate, Johns Hopkins University.
479. Maria LaHood, Deputy Legal Director, Center for Constitutional Rights.
480. Maria Rashid Fellow, Gender Studies Department, London School of Economics.
481. Maria Tzanakopoulou, Lecturer in Law, Birkbeck, University of London
482. Mariam Motamedi Fraser, Reader in Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London
483. Mariana Gkiati, Assistant Professor, Tilburg University
484. Marianne Hirschberg, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Kassel, Germany.
485. Marieke Potma, PhD-candidate, University for Humanistic Studies.
486. Marilù Mastrogiovanni, Adjunct professor in Journalism, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”
487. Mario Novelli, University of Sussex
488. Marion Kaplan, NYU, Emerita
489. Marios Costa, Senior Lecturer, City, University of London
490. Marissa Jackson Sow, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Richmond School of Law
491. Marjorie Cohn, Founding Dean, People’s Academy of International Law
492. Mark Goodman, Professor, Sociology, York University, Toronto
493. Marnie Holborow, Associate Faculty, Dublin City University
494. Marsha Henry, London School of Economics
495. Marsha Rosengarten, Professor of Sociology, Goldsmiths University of London
496. Marta Giallombardo, PhD candidate, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia.
497. Marwa Daoudy, Associate Professor, Georgetown University
498. Marwa Neji, researcher, Ghent University, Belgium.
499. Mary Ana McGlasson, Director, Centre for Humanitarian Leadership, Deakin University, Melbourne
500. Mary Ellen Davis, part-time faculty, Concordia University, Montréal
501. Mary Laheen, Assistant Professor, University College Dublin
502. Mary Nolan, Professor of History Emerita, New York University
503. Marya Farah, Legal Researcher
504. Maryam Aldossari, Associate Professor, Royal Holloway University of London
505. Matiangai Sirleaf, Professor of Law, University of Maryland
506. Matt Howard, Lecturer, University of Kent
507. Matteo Capasso, University of Venice, Italy.
508. Matthew Cole, Lecturer in Technology, Work and Employment.
509. Maud Anne Bracke, Professor of modern European history, University of Glasgow UK
510. Maura Finkelstein, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Muhlenberg College
511. Mauricio Amar, Centro de Estudios Árabes Eugenio Chahuan, Universidad de Chile
512. Maya Mikdashi, Associate Professor, Rutgers University.
513. Mayur Suresh, Senior Lecturer, SOAS University of London.
514. Mazen Masri, Senior Lecturer in Law, The City Law School, City University of London.
515. Maziar Behrooz, San Francisco State University
516. Meera Sabaratnam, Associate Professor, University of Oxford
517. Mehmet Erken, İstanbul University
518. Mehrdad F. Samadzadeh, University of Toronto
519. Melania Brito Clavijo, PhD candidate; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
520. Melanie Richter-Montpetit, Senior Lecturer in International Security, Department of International Relations, University of Sussex.
521. Melinda González, Assistant Professor, Georgetown University
522. Micah Khater, Assistant Professor, University of California-Berkeley
523. Michael Daniel Yates, Professor Emeritus, University of Pittsburghersity of Pittsburgh
524. Michael Fakhri, Professor of Law, University of Oregon.
525. Michael Lynk, Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Western University
526. Michael Rodríguez-Muñiz, Associate Professor, University of California, Berkeley
527. Michael Rothberg, Professor of English, Comparative Literature, and Holocaust Studies, UCLA.
528. Michel Feher, Editor/Publisher, Zone books, NY.
529. Michelle Burgis-Kasthala, Senior Lecturer in Public International Law
530. Michelle Farrell, Professor of Law, University of Liverpool
531. Michelle Hartman, Professor, McGill University
532. Michiel Bot, Associate Professor, Tilburg Law School.
533. Miguel Valderrama, investigador adjunto Instituto de Filosofía, Universidad Diego Portales.
534. Mikki Stelder, Assistant Professor Global Arts and Politics, University of Amsterdam.
535. Minoo Moallem, Professor, UC Berkeley
536. Miriam Ticktin, Professor, CUNY Graduate Center.
537. Miriyam Aouragh, Professor, University of Westminster.
538. Mirjam Twigt, Leiden University
539. Moara Assis Crivelente, Researcher in the Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra
540. Mohamad Arnaout, Associate Professor, Lebanese International University
541. Mohamed Adhikari, Emeritus Associate Professor, History Department, University of Cape Town
542. Mohamed Ali, PhD Candidate, Georgetown University
543. Mohamed Mathee, Senior Lecturer, University of Johannesburg.
544. Mohamed Sayed, Associate instructor and PhD candidate at Indiana University
545. Mohamed Wajdi Ben Hammed, Assistant Professor at UC Berkeley
546. Mohammad Ataie, Lecturer, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
547. Mohammad Fakhreddine, Assistant Teaching Professor, Georgetown University
548. Mohammad Shahabuddin, Professor, University of Birmingham
549. Mohammed Abukhdeir. Abukhdeir family President
550. Mohammed Sawaie, Professor, University of Virginia
551. Mohan Rao, former professor at JNU, New Delhi
552. Mohsen al Attar, Reader, Associate Dean, XJTLU
553. Mona Baker, University of Oslo
554. Monisha Das Gupta, University of Hawaiʻi
555. Mridula Mukherjee JNU India Retired Professor
556. Murad Idris, Associate Professor, University of Michigan
557. Myria Georgiou, Professor, LSE
558. Mythri Jegathesan, Associate Professor, Santa Clara University.
559. Nabil Al-Tikriti, Professor, University of Mary Washington
560. Nabil Salih, graduate student at Bard College
561. Nada Elia, Visiting Professor, Western Washington University
562. Nadeem Karkabi, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Haifa
563. Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, Lawrence D Biele Chair in Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Global Chair in Law, Queen Mary University of London.
564. Nadia Abu El-Haj, Ann Whitney Olin Professor, Barnard College & Columbia University.
565. Nadia Ahmad, Associate Professor of Law, Barry University; PhD Student, Yale School of the Environment
566. Nadia Guessous, Colorado College
567. Nadia Silhi Chahin, PhD researcher, Law School – University of Edinburgh
568. Nadine El-Enany, Professor of Law, University of Kent.
569. Nadje Al-Ali, Professor of Anthropology and Middle East Studies, Brown University
570. Nahla Abdo, Professor, Carleton University.
571. Naiefa Rashied, Lecturer: School of Economics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
572. Nalini Mohabir, Associate Professor, Concordia University.
573. Namita Wahi, Senior Fellow, Centre for Policy Research.
574. Nancy Gallagher, professor emerita, UCSB
575. Nandini Chandra, Associate Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa
576. Naomi Taub, Postdoctoral Fellow, UCLA
577. Naoual El Yattouti, PhD Researcher University of Antwerp
578. Natalie Kouri-Towe, Associate Professor, Concordia University
579. Natasha Iskander, Professor of Urban Planning and Public Service, New York University
580. Natasha Remoundou, Lecturer, University College Dublin
581. Nathalie Khankan, Continuing Lecturer, UC Berkeley
582. Nathan Patz Professor of Law, University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law
583. Nathaniel George, Lecturer in Politics of the Middle East, SOAS, University of London
584. Naveed Ahmad Mir. PhD student and GTA, Kent Law School.
585. Naveeda Khan, Associate Professor, Johns Hopkins University
586. Nazia Kazi, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Stockton University.
587. Nesrine Badawi, Associate Professor, The American University in Cairo
588. Niall Meehan, Head, Journalism & Media Faculty, Griffith College, Dublin (retired)
589. Niamh Rooney, Assistant Lecturer, Dept. of International Development, Maynooth University
590. Nichola Khan. Professor, University of Edinburgh
591. Nicola Perugini, Associate Professor, University of Edinburgh.
592. Nicola Pratt, Professor of the International Politics of the Middle East, University of Warwick
593. Nicola Soekoe, Counsel, Pan African Bar Association of South Africa (PABASA).
594. Nicole Beardsworth, Wits University
595. Nicole Ranganath, Assistant Professor, UC Davis
596. Nicos Trimikliniotis, Professor, University of Nicosia.
597. Nida Kirmani, Associate Professor, Lahore University of Management Sciences
598. Nikhita Mendis, Anthropology PhD Student, University of Chicago
599. Nimer Sultany, Reader in Public Law, SOAS University of London.
600. Nimet Cebeci, PhD Candidate, Harvard University
601. Nina Eliasoph, University of Southern California
602. Nina Farnia, Assistant Professor, Albany Law School
603. Nisha Kapoor, Associate Professor, University of Warwick
604. Nivi Manchanda, Reader in International Politics Queen Mary University of London
605. Noah Salomon, Associate Professor, University of Virginia
606. Noam Peleg, Senior Lecturer, UNSW Law and Justice
607. Noga Wolff, Independent Scholar
608. Noor Gieles, MD & PhD student, Amsterdam UMC.
609. Nora E.H. Parr, Research Fellow, University of Birmingham
610. Norma Rantisi, Concordia University.
611. Nour El Kadri, Professor, University of Ottawa
612. Noura Erakat, Associate Professor, Rutgers University, New Brunswick
613. Noura Nasser, PhD student, LSE.
614. Noureddine Jebnoun, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University
615. Ntina Tzouvala, Associate Professor ANU College of Law.
616. Nusrat S Chowdhury, Associate Professor, Amherst College
617. Oishik Sircar, Professor, Jindal Global Law Schoo
618. Olga Grau, Universidad de Chile
619. Olga Touloumi, Associate Professor, Bard College
620. Oludamini Ogunnaike, University of Virginia
621. Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Georgetown University
622. Omar Al-Ghazzi, Associate Professor, London School of Economics and Political Science
623. Omar Farahat, Associate Professor, McGill University
624. Omar Jabary Salamanca, Postdoc Fellow, Université libre de Bruxelles.
625. Omer Bartov, Samuel Pisar Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Department of History; Faculty Fellow, Watson Institute for International & Public Affairs, Brown University.
626. Omid Safi, Professor, Duke University
627. Omnia El Shakry, Professor of History, Yale University
628. Omr Kassem, University of Chicago
629. Orla Kelleher, Assistant Professor, School of Law and Criminology, Maynooth University
630. Osama Siddique. Inaugural Henry J. Steiner Professor of Human Rights. Harvard law School.
631. Osman Bakar, Professor of Islamic Thought, International Islamic University Malaysia
632. Othman Belkebir, Ph.D researcher, Geneva Graduate Institute.
633. Oudai Tozan, PhD candidate, researcher, and tutor at the University of Cambridge
634. Ozlem Biner Senior Lecturer in Anthropology, SOAS
635. Pablo Oyarzun R., Universidad de Chile.
636. Padraig McAuliffe, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool
637. Paola Rivetti, Associate Professor, Dublin City University
638. Paola Zichi, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Warwick Law School
639. Patricia Sampedro, postgraduate student in International Development at the University of Oxford
640. Patrick Shi Timmer, Postgraduate Student, King’s College London.
641. Paul Michael Garrett, PhD, D. Lit, MRIA, University of Galway
642. Paula Chakravartty, James Weldon Johnson Associate Professor of Media Studies, NYU
643. Pauline Martini, Doctoral researcher, Queen Mary University of London.
644. Pere Franch, Professor of Journalism and International Relations, Blanquerna School of Communication and International Relations
645. Pete W. Moore, Associate Professor, Case Western Reserve University
646. Peter Drury, Kent Law School, PhD Student.
647. Peter Hallward, Professor of Philosophy, Kingston University UK
648. Pietro Masina, professor, University of Naples L’Orientale.
649. Pınar Kemerli, Assistant Professor, Bard College
650. Polly Withers, Leverhulme ECF, LSE
651. Pooja Rangan, Associate Professor of English in Film and Media Studies, Amherst College
652. Popy Begum, Saint Louis University.
653. Praggya Surana, PhD student at the Graduate Institute, Geneva
654. R. Brian Ferguson, Rutgers University-Newark
655. Rabea Eghbariah, SJD Candidate, Harvard Law School.
656. Rachad Antonius, retired full professor, Université du Québec à Montréal
657. Rachel Brown, author of Defusing Hate: A Strategic Communication Guide to Counteract Dangerous Speech
658. Rafael Quintero Godinez Affiliation: Lecturer, Birmingham City Law School
659. Rahima Siddique, Phd Student, University of Manchester.
660. Rahul Rao, Reader, University of St Andrews
661. Rami G Khouri, American University of Beirut.
662. Ran Zwigenberg, Associate Professor of Asian Studies, History, and Jewish Studies, Pennsylvania State University.
663. Rana Kazkaz, Associate Professor, Northwestern University Qatar
664. Rana Khalaf, PhD, Centre for Conflict and Humanitarian Response – University of Manchester
665. Randa M. Wahbe; PhD student; Harvard University
666. Randa Tawil, Texas Christian University
667. Randle DeFalco, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa William S. Richardson School of Law
668. Rania Muhareb, PhD researcher, Irish Centre for Human Rights, University of Galway
669. Raphael Salkie, Emeritus Professor of Language Studies, University of Brighton
670. Rasha Bayoumi, Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Birmingham
671. Rashid Yahiaoui, Assistant Professor, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar.
672. Ratna Kapur, Professor, Queen Mary University of London
673. Raz Segal, Associate Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Stockton University.
674. Razan AlSalah, Concordia University.
675. Rebecca Ruth Gould, Professor, SOAS University of London.
676. Reem Abou-El-Fadl, Senior Lecturer in Comparative Politics of the Middle East, SOAS University of London
677. Reem Al-Botmeh, Lecturer, Institute of Law, Birzeit University
678. Reem Awny Abuzaid, PhD candidate, University of Warwick
679. Renate Bridenthal, The City University of New York
680. Renisa Mawani, Professor, Sociology, University of British Columbia.
681. Reuven Pinnata, Ph.D. Candidate, University of Washington.
682. Rhys Machold, Senior Lecturer, University of Glasgow
683. Ricarda Hammer, Assistant Professor, UC Berkeley
684. Richard Clements, Assistant Professor, Tilburg Law School
685. Richard Falk, Professor emeritus of international law at Princeton University.
686. Richard Marcuse, Anthropology, formerly University of Victoria
687. Richard Wild, Principal Lecturer in Criminology, University of Greenwich
688. Rita Sakr, Maynooth University
689. Robert Crews, Professor of History, Stanford University
690. Roberto Filippello, Assistant Professor at University of Amsterd.
691. Rochelle Davis, Sultanate of Oman Associate Professor, Georgetown University
692. Rodante van der Waal, PhD-candidate, University for Humanistic Studies.
693. Rodrigo C. Bulamah, Professor, State University of Rio de Janeiro
694. Roger Heacock, Professor of history emeritus , Birzeit University, Palestine
695. Rohini Sen, School of Law, University of Warwick.
696. Ronak Kapadia, Associate Professor, University of Illinois Chicago
697. Ronit Lentin, Retired Associate Professor of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin
698. Rose Parfitt, Senior Lecturer in International Law, University of Kent.
699. Rosemarie Buikema , professor of art, culture and diversity
700. Rosie Bsheer, Associate Professor of History, Harvard University
701. Roxana Pessoa Cavalcanti, University of Brighton
702. Roxana Pey, académica Universidad de Chile.
703. Ruba Salih, Professor, Università di Bologna.
704. Ruth Fletcher, Reader in Law, Queen Mary University of London
705. S. Hasan Mahmud, retired professor Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
706. S. Sayyid, Professor of Decolonial Thought and Social Theory, University of Leeds.
707. S. Yaser Mirdamadi Researcher and lecturere at the Institute of Ismaʼili Studies, London.
708. Sa’ed Atshan, Associate Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies and Anthropology, Swarthmore College
709. Saada Hammad, part time instructor, Holt Spirit University of Kaslik.
710. Saadat Umar Pirzada, Assistant Lecturer, PhD Candidate, Kent Law School.
711. Sabreena Ghaffar-Siddiqui Sheridan College
712. Sacide Ataş, Ph.D. Candidate, Istanbul Medeniyet University
713. Sadiyya Haffejee, Associate Professor, University of Johannesburg.
714. Sai Englert, Lecturer, Leiden University.
715. Salem Abdellatif Al-Shawafi, Professor of Philosophy, Community College Qatar.
716. Samantha Morgan-Williams, Lecturer & Director of the LLM International Human Rights Law & Public Policy, School of Law, University College Cork
717. Samantha Payne, Assistant Professor, Department of History, College of Charleston
718. Samer Abdelnour, Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh.
719. Samer Jabbour, Researcher, Syrian Center for Policy Studies.
720. Sami Hermez, Director of Liberal Arts Program and Associate professor of Anthropology, Northwestern University in Qatar
721. Samia Bano, SOAS, University of London.
722. Samia Henni, Cornell University
723. Sandro Mezzadra, Professor, University of Bologna
724. Santiago Alberto Vargas Niño, Lecturer in IH(R)L and ICL, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
725. Santosh Anand, Assistant Lecturer, Kent Law School, University of Kent
726. Santosh Mehrotra, Visiting Professor, institute for Policy Research, University of Bath
727. Sara Alsaraf, University of Birmingham, UK, PhD Student
728. Sara Chaudhry, Senior Lecturer, Birkbeck
729. Sara Cheikh Husain, Research Assistant, Melbourne University
730. Sara Dehm, Senior Lecturer, University of Technology Sydney
731. Sara Elbrolosy, Georgetown University.
732. Sara Matthews, Associate Professor of Culture and Conflict, Global Studies and Communication Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University
733. Sara Pursley, Associate Professor, New York University
734. Sara Razai , Lecturer, University of Westminster.
735. Sarah Bracke, Professor, University of Amsterdam.
736. Sarah El-Kazaz, Senior Lecturer, SOAS, University of London
737. Sarah Ghabrial, Assoc. Prof, Concordia University (Montreal)
738. Sarah Ihmoud, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, The College of the Holy Cross.
739. Sarah Irving, Lecturer in History, Staffordshire University
740. Sarah Keenan, Reader in Law, Birkbeck College, University of London
741. Sarah Lamble, Reader in Criminology, Birkbeck, University of London
742. Sarah Phillips, Professor of Global Conflict and Development, The University of Sydney
743. Sarah Raymundo , Assistant Professor, Center for International Studies University of the Philippines Diliman
744. Sasan Fayazmanesh, Professor Emeritus of Economics, California State University, Fresno
745. Scheherazade Bloul, PhD, Deakin University
746. Scott Newton, Professor of Laws of Central Asia, SOAS University of London
747. Sean Lee, Assistant Professor of Political Science, American University in Cairo
748. Sean T. Mitchell, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Rutgers University-Newark
749. Sebastián Link, PhD student, Johns Hopkins University.
750. Selim Can Bilgin, Partner at Kabine Law
751. Shabbir Agha Abbas, PhD Candidate, University of Arizona
752. Shabnam Holliday, University of Plymouth
753. Shahd Hammouri, University of Kent.
754. Shahd Qannam, PhD candidate, City Law School, University of London
755. Shakuntala Banaji, Professor, LSE
756. Shane Darcy, Professor, Irish Centre for Human Rights, University of Galway
757. Sharika Thiranagama, Associate Professor, Stanford University Dept. of Anthropology.
758. Sharmila Parmanand, Assistant Professor, London School of Economics and Political Science.
759. Sheer Ganor, History, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
760. Shehnaz Abdeljaber, University of Pennsylavania
761. Sherene Seikaly, UCSB
762. Shirin Saeidi, University of Arkansas
763. Shohini Sengupta, Associate Professor, O.P. Jindal Global University, India
764. Siddhartha Deb, Associate Professor, The New School
765. Siggie Vertommen, Assistant Professor at University of Amsterdam.
766. Sigrid Schmalzer, Professor of History, University of Masschusetts Amherst
767. Silvia Groaz, Professor of Architecture History, ENSA Paris-Est
768. Silvia Posocco, Reader in Social Anthropology, Birkbeck, University of London
769. Simidele Dosekun, Assistant Professor, London School of Economics and Political Science
770. Simon McKenzie, Lecturer, Griffith Law School
771. Simone Sibilio, Associate Professor, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice
772. Sinéad Mercier, PhD Researcher (international law), University College Dublin
773. Sinead Ring, Lecturer School of Law and Criminology Maynooth University
774. Siobhan Airey, Assistant Professor, Erasmus University Rotterdam
775. Siobhán Wills, Director of the Transitional Justice Institute, Ulster University
776. Sivamohan Valluvan, Associate Professor, University of Warwick
777. Sladjana Lazic, Assistant Professor, University of Innsbruck.
778. Sneha Annavarapu, Yale-NUS college
779. Sophia Brown, postdoctoral researcher, Freie Universität Berlin
780. Sophia Stamatopoulou-Robbins, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Bard College
781. Sophie Richter-Devroe, Associate Professor, Hamad Bin Khalifa University
782. Souheir Edelbi, Lecturer, School of Law, Western Sydney University
783. Stefan Kipfer, York University
784. Stephanie Deig, PhD Candidate, University of Lucerne
785. Steven Alan Carr, Director, Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Purdue University Fort Wayne (affiliation for identification purposes only).
786. Steven I. Levine, Research Faculty Associate, Dept. of History, University of Montana, USA
787. Su-ming Khoo, Associate Professor/Senior Lecturer, Head of Sociology, School of Political Science and Sociology, University of Galway
788. Sujith Xavier, Associate Professor, University of Windsor
789. Sultan Doughan, Lecturer, Goldsmiths, University of London.
790. Sumathy Sivamohan, Professor, University of Peradeniya.
791. Sumayya Kassamali, Assistant Professor, University of Toronto
792. Sumedha Choudhury, PhD candidate, Melbourne Law School
793. Sumi Madhok, London School of Economics.
794. Sune Haugbolle, Professor, Roskilde University
795. Surabhi Ranganathan, Professor of International Law; Director of Postgraduate Education, University of Cambridge
796. Suraya Khan, Assistant Professor, San Antonio College
797. Susan M. Akram, Clinical Professor, Boston University School of Law
798. Susan Power, Head of Legal Research and Advocacy, Al-Haq
799. Susanne Wessendorf, Professor of Social Anthropology, Coventry University
800. Suzana Rahde Gerchmann, PhD candidate and GTA at City, University of London.
801. Swati Chattopadhyay, Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara
802. Sydney Chuen, Georgetown University.
803. Syed Muhammad Omar, PhD Research, University of Kansas
804. Syeda Masood, Phd candidate, Brown University
805. Talal Asad, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, City University of New York
806. Tamanisha J. John, Assistant Professor at York University
807. Tamsin Phillipa Paige, Senior Lecturer, Deakin Law School
808. Taner Akcam, Director of Armenian Genocide Research Program at Promise Armenian Institute, UCLA.
809. Tani Barlow, Professor of History, Rice University
810. Tania Saeed, Associate Professor, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan
811. Tanya Serisier, Reader in Feminist Theory and Criminology, Birkbeck, University of London
812. Tanzil Chowdhury, Associate Professor of Public Law, Queen Mary University of London
813. Tarik Nejat Dinc, Visiting Assistant Professor, Reed College
814. Tariq Khan, Associate Professor, Govt College Township Lahore.
815. Tasniem Anwar, Assistant Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
816. Taygeti Michalakea, Postdoc Fellow, Panteion University
817. Tendayi Achiume, Professor of Law UCLA School of Law
818. Teresa Almeida Cravo, Associate Professor, University of Coimbra, Portugal
819. Terri Ginsberg, Faculty, City University of New York
820. Thalia Kruger, Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Antwerp
821. Thomas Blom Hansen, Professor of Anthropology, Stanford University.
822. Thomas Cowan, University of Nottingham
823. Thomas Earl Porter, Professor of Russian, Modern European and Genocide Studies, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University
824. Tim Lindgren, Postdoctoral Fellow at Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam.
825. Timothy Mitchell, Professor, Columbia University
826. Tom Frost, Senior Lecturer, Kent Law School.
827. Tom Pettinger, Research Fellow, University of Warwick
828. Tor Krever, Assistant Professor in International Law, University of Cambridge
829. Tori Fleming, Doctoral Student, York University
830. Traek Z. Ismail, CUNY School of Law
831. Trevor Lies, Ph.D. Candidate, University of Kansas.
832. Trevor Ngwane, Senior Lecturer, University of Johannesburg
833. Triestino Mariniello, Senior Lecturer in Law, Liverpool John Moores University
834. Ubeydullah Ademi, PhD Student, Northwestern University
835. Umair Pervez, Instructor University of Calgary
836. Usha Natarajan, LPE Faculty Fellow, Yale Law School
837. Valentina Zagaria, Research Associate, Anthropology Department, University of Manchester
838. Valerie Forman, Associate professor, New York University
839. Van Aken Mauro University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy
840. Vanessa Ramos, Asociación Americana de Juristas, President
841. Vanina Trojan, former Director, Irish Rule of Law International
842. Vasiliki Touhouliotis, Adjunct Faculty and Independent Scholar, Portland State University
843. Vasken Markarian, PhD, University of Texas at Austin
844. Vasuki Nesiah, Professor of Practice in Human Rights and International Law, The Gallatin School, NYU.
845. Véronique Bontemps, CNRS, France
846. Victoria Sanford, PhD, Lehman Professor of Excellence, Lehman College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York.
847. Victoria Veguilla del Moral, Pablo de Olvide University
848. Vida Samiian, Professor & Dean Emerita, CSU Fresno
849. Vidya Kumar, Senior Lecturer in Law, SOAS, University of London
850. Vikki Bell, Professor of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London
851. Vivan, Itala, Professor, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy
852. Wade McMullen, international human rights lawyer, Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights
853. Wail S. Hassan, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
854. Walaa Alqaisiya, University of Venice-Italy.
855. Waqas Tufail, Reader in Criminology, Leeds Beckett University
856. Waseem Yaqoob, Lecturer, History of Political Thought
857. Wassim Naboulsi, Research Associate in IR, University of Sussex.
858. Wendy Brown, Professor, Institute for Advanced Study.
859. Wendy DeSouza, Adjunct Professor in Women and Gender Studies, Sonoma State University
860. Wendy Gifford, Professor, University of Ottawa
861. Wendy Pearlman, Professof Political Science, Northwestern University.
862. William I Robinson, Distinguished Professor of Sociology, University of California at Santa Barbara
863. William Mazzarella, Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology, University of Chicago
864. Yael Navaro, Professor of Anthropology, University of Cambridge
865. Yaseen Noorani, Associate Professor, University of Arizona
866. Yaser Amouri, PhD, Public International Law, Birzeit University, Palestine
867. Yasmeen Azam, graduate student, UC Berkeley
868. Yasmeen Hanoosh, Professor, Portland State University
869. Yasmine Kherfi, PhD Student, LSE
870. Yasmine Nahlawi, Legal Consultant.
871. Yolande Jansen, Professor, University of Amsterdam
872. Yosefa Loshitzky, Professorial Research Associate, SOAS, University of London
873. Yusuf Ahmed, Tutor, SOAS.
874. Zahra Ali, Assistant Professor at Rutgers University-Newark.
875. Zahra Moloo, PhD candidate, Human Geography, University of Toronto
876. Zakia Salime, Associate Professor , Rutgers
877. Zeina Jamal, PhD, Queen Margaret University
878. Zoé Samudzi, Visiting Assistant Professor, Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University
879. Zoha Waseem, University of Warwick
880. Zoya Hasan, Professor Emerita, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
This article was written by Alex Dunedin